From: Nam Thanh Le <ntle@freenet.mb.ca>
Newsgroups: soc.culture.vietnamese
Subject: Tie^'ng Vie^.t Mie^`n Nam
Date: Sat, 5 Aug 1995 00:43:37 -0500
======================================


                VA`I Y' NGHI~ VE^` TIE^'NG VIE^.T MIE^`N NAM

                                        DDa(.ng Tra^`n Hua^n
                 La`ng Va(n, Canada, so^' 105, tha'ng 5-1993

                                  oOo

	Ngo^n ngu+~ cu?a mo^.t da^n to^.c du` tho^'ng nha^'t dde^'n dda^u
cu~ng kho' tra'nh ddu+o+.c nhu+~ng di. bie^.t nho nho?\.  Ngu+o+`i Pha'p
la^'y tie^'ng Ba le^ la`m tie^u chua^?n thi` ngu+o+`i mie^`n nam Marseille
va^~n co' gio.ng ddo.c kha'c va` co' nhie^`u tu+` chi? ddu+o+.c du`ng o+?
vu`ng ddo'\. Ngu+o+`i My~ du` coi gio.ng Hoa Thi.nh DDo^'n la` chi'nh
thu+'c thi` cu~ng kho^ng nga(n ddu+o+.c ddo^`ng ba`o ho. tu+` bang Georgia
tro+? xuo^'ng co' mo^.t gio.ng ddo.c kha'c mie^`n ba('c li'u ri'u va` kho'
nghe ddo^'i vo+'i ngu+o+`i chu+a quen\. 

	Tie^'ng Vie^.t la^'y tie^'ng Kinh la`m tie^'ng pho^? tho^ng, ta.m
la^'y gio.ng thu? ddo^ (Sa`i go`n ro^`i Ha` No^.i) la`m chua^?n nhu+ng
phu+o+ng ngu+~ vu`ng Tha'i Bi`nh, Nghe^. An, Qua?ng Nam cha(?ng ha.n va^~n
co' mo^.t so^' tu+` rie^ng bie^.t cu?a vu`ng va` co' gio.ng ddo.c dda(.c
bie^.t\. 

	Nhu+ng tre^n dda^y chi? la` tru+o+`ng ho+.p cu?a nhu+~ng phu+o+ng
ngu+~ trong mo^.t pha.m vi nho? he.p ca^'p ti?nh\.  Tie^'ng Vie^.t ma`
ddo^`ng ba`o mie^`n Nam su+? du.ng tu+` Phan Thie^'t dde^'n Ca` Mau,
thu+o+`ng ddu+o+.c go.i la` tie^'ng Nam, co' pha.m vi ro^.ng lo+'n ho+n,
tho^'ng nha^'t ho+n, co' nhie^`u dda(.c ti'nh ddo^.c dda'o va` thu' vi.\. 

	Na(m 1988, nha` xua^'t ba?n Khoa ho.c Xa~ ho^.i, Ha` No^.i, cho
pha't ha`nh cuo^'n "Tu+. ddie^?n Tie^'ng Vie^.t" do vie^.n Ngo^n ngu+~
ho.c cu?a Nha` nu+o+'c Vie^.t Nam bie^n soa.n\.  Cuo^'n sa'ch ddu+o+.c
gio+'i thie^.u la` cuo^'n tu+. ddie^?n dda^`u tie^n cu?a Vie^.t Nam do
ta^.p the^? 17 ca'n bo^. ngo^n ngu+~ hoa`n tha`nh, co' tham chie^'u
nhie^`u tu+. ddie^?n Vie^.t Nam dda~ xua^'t ba?n o+? Sa`i go`n\.  The^'
nhu+ng cuo^'n tu+. ddie^?n na`y khi ddi.nh nghia~ nhu+~ng tu+` mie^`n Nam
la.i xe^'p loa.i chu'ng va`o nhu+~ng tho^? ngu+~ ddi.a phu+o+ng (phu+o+ng
ngu+~)\. 

	Thie^'t tu+o+?ng nhu+~ng tu+` nhu+ "vo^" (va`o), "me^`n" (cha(n),
"mu`ng" (ma`n), v.v.. ddu+o+.c ddo^`ng ba`o nu+?a nu+o+'c, suo^'t tu+`
Hue^' va`o to+'i Ca` Mau no'i, hie^?u ma` no'i la` "tho^? ngu+~" thi` qua?
la` ca'c ta'c gia? tu+` ddie^?n cu?a Ha` No^.i dda~ coi thu+o+`ng ddo^`ng
ba`o mie^`n Nam\. 

	Tro+? la.i chuye^.n tie^'ng Nam, ta tha^'y ngo^n ngu+~ tho^ng
thu+o+`ng cu?a ddo^`ng ba`o ra^'t cha^'t pha'c, tha^.t tha`, i't va(n hoa,
cha^n tha^.t co+?i mo+? nhu+ ba?n ti'nh cu?a ho.\. 

	Tu+` tho+`i Pha'p thuo^.c, nu+o+'c ta co' hai che^' ddo^. be^.nh
vie^.n\. Mo^.t loa.i da`nh cho ngu+o+`i gia`u sang co' tie^`n, mo^.t loa.i
be^.nh vie^.n co^ng chu+~a cho ngu+o+`i nghe`o kho^ng la^'y tie^`n\. 
Loa.i thu+' hai na`y ngu+o+`i mie^`n Ba('c go.i la` "nha` thu+o+ng la`m
phu'c" trong khi ngu+o+`i mie^`n Nam go.i chi'nh danh la` "nha` thu+o+ng
thi'"\. 

	Nhu+~ng ca^y lan cao vu't tro^`ng o+? nhie^`u vi la sang tro.ng,
o+? sa^n tru. so+? U?y ban Nha^n da^n qua^.n Ba, o+? sa^n tru+o+`ng dda.i
ho.c Y Du+o+.c Sa`i go`n hay o+? hai be^n ddu+o+`ng Co^? Ngu+ (Thanh
Nie^n) Ha` No^.i vo+'i nhu+~ng bo^ng hoa ti'm ra^'t dde.p, ca'nh hoa uo^'n
cong, ddu+o+.c ca'c nha` cho+i ca^y ca?nh dda(.t cho ca'i te^n kha' dde.p
la` "lan hoa`ng ha^.u", thi` ta.i mie^`n Nam, ddo^`ng ba`o go.i no' ba(`ng
ca'i te^n ddo+n gia?n: "lan mo'ng bo`"\. 

	Ca^y mo+ tam the^?, la' ma`u ti'm ba.c co' lo^ng ma` ngu+o+`i
Ba('c du`ng dde^? chu+~a be^.nh kie^'t ly., ddu+o+.c da^n nha^.u ra^'t u+a
khi a(n vo+'i ru+.a ma^.n, do^`i cho'; khi va`o mie^`n Nam bi. go.i la`
ca^y "la' thu'i ddi.t" vi` ca'i mu`i kho^ng ddu+o+.c thanh nha~ cu?a no'\. 
Trong Nam "ddi.t" co' nghia~ la` trung tie^.n\. 

	Ngu+o+`i mie^`n Nam go.i hoa ngo.c lan la` "bo^ng su+'"\.  Nhu+ng
ca^y hoa dda.i, mo^.t thu+' ca^y thu+o+`ng tro^`ng tru+o+'c chu`a, mo^~i
khi ddo^ng dde^'n ru.ng la', ca'c nha'nh ca^y tro+ tru.i nhu+ nhu+~ng
ngo'n cha^n, ngo'n tay ngu+o+`i hu?i (cu`i), ngu+o+`i Nam cu~ng go.i la`
ca^y su+'\.  DDe^? pha^n bie^.t vo+'i ca^y ngo.c lan, ho. go.i mo^.t ca'ch
mo^.c ma.c nhu+ng ro~ ra`ng la` "bo^ng su+' cu`i"\. 

	O+? nhu+~ng vu`ng dda^'t tha^'p nhu+ DDo^`ng Tha'p, Minh Ha?i, co'
mo^.t loa.i ca^y mo.c du+o+'i nu+o+'c, ven so^ng, ven bie^?n la` ca^y
ba^`n\.  Loa.i ca^y na`y ta(ng tru+o+?ng ba(`ng nhu+~ng nha'nh nho? dda^m
cho`i o+? ga^`n go^'c, nhu' ra tro^ng nhu+ nhu+~ng cu? ca?i lo+'n ma`u
na^u, co' the^? khie^'n lie^n tu+o+?ng dde^'n bo^. pha^.n sinh du.c cu?a
dda`n o^ng\.  Vi` hi`nh da.ng a^'y, nhu+~ng ma^`m non na`y kho^ng ddu+o+.c
go.i la` nha'nh ba^`n ma` ba(`ng mo^.t tu+` ddo^.c dda'o: "ca(.c ba^`n"\. 
Cu~ng the^', mo^.t loa.i so`, co' lo^ng, so^'ng o+? cu+?a so^ng, cho^~
nu+o+'c lo+., ngu+o+`i mie^`n Ba('c go.i la` con chem che'p thi` mie^`n
Nam go.i la` "con lo^`n tie^n" vi` hi`nh da.ng tu+o+ng tu+. nhu+ bo^.
pha^.n sinh du.c phu. nu+~ cu?a no'\. 

	Ha~y ta.m ngu+`ng ke^? the^m nhu+~ng tu+` cha^'t pha'c dde^? no'i
to+'i va`i tu+` co' nghia~ kha'c vo+'i mie^`n Ba('c, co' khi tra'i ha(?n,
dde^?  tro+? tha`nh ca'i ba^~y vo+'i nhu+~ng ai chu+a quen du`ng no'\. 

	Tu+` ra^'t tho^ng du.ng dde^? chi? ngu+o+`i con thu+' nhi` trong
gia ddi`nh la` anh hai hay chi. hai o+? mie^`n Ba('c, khi va`o Nam tu+`
ddo' ddu+o+.c du`ng dde^? chi? ngu+o+`i con dda^`u ma` mie^`n Ba('c go.i
la` anh ca? hay chi. ca?\. 

	Tu+` "mo? a'c" ngoa`i Ba('c du`ng dde^? chi? pha^`n dda^`u du+o+'i
cu?a xu+o+ng u+'c hay vu`ng bu.ng chung quanh no', nhu+ng khi vu+o+.t
bie^n gio+'i Phan Thie^'t, DDo^`ng Nai va`o Sa`i go`n, "mo? a'c" dda~
tie^'n cao tre^n pha^`n tha^n the^? con ngu+o+`i dde^? chi? pha^`n me^`m
giu+~a xu+o+ng so. tre^n ddi?nh dda^`u em nho? ma` ngu+o+`i Ba('c go.i la`
"ca'i tho'p"\. 

	Tre^n thu+o+ng tru+o+`ng, ne^'u mua mo^.t ca^n ddu+o+`ng ta.i Ha`
No^.i ddu+o+.c go.i la` "mua si?" va` mua ra^'t nhie^`u ddu+o+`ng ddu+o+.c
go.i la` "mua buo^n"; thi` ta.i Sa`i go`n, tra? gia' dde^? "mua si?"
nghia~ la` co' the^? mua va`i chu.c ta. ddu+o+`ng va` mua mo^.t, hai ca^n
ddu+o+`ng go.i la` "mua le?"\. 

	Trong ky~ thua^.t ca('t may cu~ng co' nhu+~ng tu+` ca^`n lu+u y'\. 
Tre^n ngu+.c a'o ca'nh, so+ mi, ngu+o+`i tho+. khoe't na(m, sa'u lo^~
thu?ng la^'y chi? vie^`n la.i\.  Mie^`n Nam go.i nhu+~ng lo^~ thu?ng ddo'
la` "khuy" trong khi mie^`n Ba('c go.i la` "khuye^'t"; bo+?i vi` nhu+~ng
va^.t nho nho? ba(`ng trai, nhu+.a hay kim loa.i du`ng dde^? ca`i a'o,
qua^`n, ngu+o+`i Ba('c go.i la` "khuy" va` ngu+o+`i Nam ke^u la` "nu't"\. 

	Mo^.t tru+o+`ng ho+.p nu+~a hie^?m ho'c ho+n ve^` chi'nh ta?
tu+o+?ng nhu+ la` sai ma` va^~n ddu'ng\.  Ha?i dda?o Co^n Lo^n ma`
ngu+o+`i Pha'p go.i Poulo Condore, sa'ch ba'o mie^`n Ba('c vie^'t la`
"Co^n Lo^n" vo+'i chu+~ L thi` trong Nam la.i vie^'t la` "Co^n No^n" vo+'i
chu+~ N\.  DDe^? kho?i tha('c ma('c chuye^.n N, L, ba^y gio+` ngu+o+`i ta
du`ng tu+` Co^n ddao dde^? chi?  ho`n dda?o na`y\. 

	Anh ngu+~ co' lo^'i vie^'t ru't nga('n ddu+o+.c da^n ho. cho la`
ra^'t hay, vi' du. "does not" vie^'t tha`nh "doesn't", "he would" vie^'t
tha`nh "he'd" thi` tie^'ng Vie^.t mie^`n Nam cu~ng kho^ng thie^'u nhu+~ng
tru+o+`ng ho+.p tu+o+ng tu+., ne^'u kho^ng no'i la` phong phu' ho+n\. 
"O^ng a^'y", "ba` a^'y" ddu+o+.c vie^'t tha`nh "o^?ng", "ba?"; "tre^n
a^'y" ddu+o+.c vie^'t tha`nh "tre^?n"; "kho^ng the^?" vie^'t tha`nh
"kho^n"\.  Ngay dde^'n tu+` kilogramme cu?a Pha'p dde^? chi? mo^.t ca^n
ta^y, ngu+o+`i Ba('c phie^n a^m tha`nh "ki' lo^ gam" hay "ki' lo^" thi`
trong Nam chi? go.i ddo+n gia?n la` "ky'"\. 

	Ne^'u ke^? cho he^'t nhu+~ng dda(.c ti'nh cu?a ngo^n ngu+~ mie^`n
Nam thi` co`n ra^'t nhie^`u\.  Tre^n dda^y chi? la` va`i ne't ddie^?n
hi`nh\.  Nho+' la.i nga`y xu+a, tu+` tha^.p nie^n 1930, tie^'ng Nam va`
tie^'ng Ba('c ga^`n nhu+ hoa`n toa`n xa la., ca'ch bie^.t\.  Nhu+~ng
tie^?u thuye^'t no^?i tie^'ng cu?a Phu' DDu+'c, Ho^` Bie^?u Cha'nh ha^`u
nhu+ kho^ng co' ba'n ngoa`i Ba('c\. DDo^.c gia? la`m quen vo+'i va(n
Trung, Nam co' le~ chi? vo?n ve.n qua "Bo'ng mo+" cu?a ba` Tu' Hoa hay
nhu+~ng truye^.n nga('n cu?a Phan Du, Bu`i Hie^?n\. Trong Nam tuy sa'ch
xua^'t ba?n co' ddu+a va`o nhu+ng cu~ng ra^'t ha.n che^', chi? lu+u ha`nh
trong mo^.t so^' ddo^.c gia? tha`nh thi.\. 

	Na(m 1954, mo^.t trie^.u ddo^`ng ba`o Ba('c di cu+ va`o Nam mang
theo ngo^n ngu+~; mo^.t so^' ca'n bo^. mie^`n Nam ta^.p ke^'t ra Ba('c
pho^? bie^'n tie^'ng Nam ngoa`i ddo'\.  Nhu+ng pha?i ddo+.i to+'i 1975 khi
co^.ng sa?n chie^'m tro.n mie^`n Nam, hai mie^`n ddi la.i ta^'p na^.p,
ca'n bo^. mie^`n Ba('c u`n u`n ke'o va`o Nam co^ng ta'c, ddi.nh cu+, ngo^n
ngu+~ mo+'i thu+.c su+. bie^'n ddo^?i nhie^`u\. 

	Sa'ch, ba'o do chi'nh quye^`n co^.ng sa?n ddo^.c quye^`n na('m
giu+~\.  Ca'c kha^?u hie^.u, ba?ng hie^.u thua^`n nha^'t mo^.t thu+'
tie^'ng Ba('c sau 54, nhie^`u tie^'ng cha^'p va', gu+o+.ng e'p ma` chi'nh
ngu+o+`i Ba('c ddi cu+ na(m 1954 cu~ng ngo+~ nga`ng kho^ng hie^?u\. 

	Tuy nhie^n ddo' chi? la` ma(.t no^?i\.  Trong nha^n da^n, trong
qua^`n chu'ng, lu'c thu+o+`ng dda`m, ngu+o+`i da^n va^~n kho^ng bi. a?nh
hu+o+?ng bo+?i ca'c co^ng cu. truye^`n tho^ng lai ca(ng, ngo^ nghe^ kia\. 
Hai mie^`n tie^'p tu.c bo^? tu'c ngo^n ngu+~ cho nhau, loa.i bo? nhu+~ng
ca'i do+?, ca'i chu+o+'ng tai dde^? la`m cho tie^'ng Vie^.t nga`y the^m
tho^'ng nha^'t, ha`m xu'c, phong phu' va` trong sa'ng ho+n\. 

                                        (La`ng Va(n so^' 105)
--
ntle.