Date: Sat, 4 Mar 1995 23:53:32 PST Sender: The Vietnamese discussion list From: Lan Pham Subject: [Lit] Chu+~ Quo^'c Ngu+~ =============================================================== CHU*~ QUO^'C NGU*~ oOo Chu*~ Quo^'c Ngu*~ Chu*~ nu*o*'c ta Con ca'i nha` Dde^`u pha?i ho.c Mie^.ng thi` ddo.c Tai thi` nghe Ddu*`ng ngu? nhe` Cho*' la'u ta'u Chu*~ du`ng vie^'t ba`i tho* ba chu*~ da.y tre? Ma^~u Gia'o tre^n la` quo^'c tu*. cu?a Vie^.t Nam hie^.n nay. Chu*~ Quo^'c Ngu*~ du`ng die^?n ta? tie^'ng no'i cu?a chu'ng ta do ca'c ma^~u tu*. La Tinh ghe'p tha`nh dda~ xua^'t pha't tu*` nhu ca^`u truye^`n dda.o Thie^n Chu'a cu?a ca'c gia'o si~ ngu*o*`i A^u Cha^u sang Vie^.t Nam tu*` cuo^'i the^' ky? thu*' 16. Ca'c gia'o si~ co' co^ng trong vie^.c sa'ng che^' ra chu*~ Quo^'c Ngu*~ la` ca'c co^' Gaspard de Amaral, Antanio de Barbosa, ngu*o*`i Bo^` Dda`o Nha, va` Alexandre de Rhodes, ngu*o*`i Pha'p. NGU*O*`I A^U CHA^U DDE^'N VIE^.T NAM Li.ch su*? su*. giao tie^'p giu*~a ngu*o*`i A^u va` A' Cha^u ba(`t dda^`u tu*` tho*`i dde^'n quo^'c La Ma~ (27 TTL - 476 STL). Trong tho*`i ky` na`y ngu*o*`i A^u Cha^u dda~ sang Trung Hoa nhu*ng kho^ng co' sa'ch na`o no'i ro~ ve^` su*. giao thie^.p na`y. Ma~i dde^'n ddo*`i Nguye^n The^' To^? Ho^'t Ta^'t Lie^.t (the^' ky? thu*' 13), mo^.t ngu*o*`i Y' te^n Marco Polo sang Trung Hoa va` lu*u la.i dda^y 17 na(m, khi ve^` nu*o*'c ba(`ng ddu*o*`ng A^'n Ddo^. Du*o*ng, o^ng dda~ ke^? la.i chuye^'n du ha`nh trong cuo^'n "Nhu*~ng Ky` Quan The^' Gio*'i" (Les merveilles du monde). Dde^'n the^' ky? thu*' 15 nho*` ky~ thua^.t ha`ng ha?i ddu*o*.c ca?i tie^'n, ngu*o*`i A^u Cha^u ti`m ra ca'c tru.c giao tho^ng mo*'i ba(`ng ddu*o*`ng bie^?n ne^n su*. tie^'p xu'c giu*~a A^u Cha^u va` ca'c Cha^u kha'c dda~ gia ta(ng. Na(m 1492 Kha Lua^n Bo^' (Christopher Colomb) nho*` ddi.a ba`n chi? ddu*o*`ng vu*o*.t Dda.i Ta^y Du*o*ng ti`m ra Cha^u My~. Na(m 1497, Vasco de Gama, ngu*o*`i Bo^` Dda`o Nha, sang A^'n Ddo^. ba(`ng ca'ch ddi vo`ng phi'a nam Phi Cha^u qua Ha?o Vo.ng Gia'c (Cap de Bonne Esperance) sang A^'n Ddo^. Du*o*ng. Na(m 1521, Magellan, ngu*o*`i Bo^` Dda`o Nha, du`ng ddu*o*`ng A^'n Ddo^. Du*o*ng qua Tha'i Bi`nh Du*o*ng dde^'n Phi Lua^.t Ta^n. Ca'c nu*o*'c A^u Cha^u lo*.i du.ng phu*o*ng tie^.n ha`ng ha?i ddem qua^n xa^m chie^'m ca'c nu*o*'c kha'c la`m thuo^.c ddi.a, khai tha'c ta`i nguye^n, ti`m thi. tru*o*`ng mo*'i. Na(m 1563, ngu*o*`i Bo^` Dda`o Nha dde^'n A'o Mo^n (Ma Cao), Trung Hoa. Na(m 1568, Ta^y Ban Nha chie^'m Phi Lua^.t Ta^n. Na(m 1596, Ho`a Lan chie^'m Nam Du*o*ng. Dde^'n the^' ky? 17, Pha'p va` Anh chie^'m A^'n Ddo^.. Tuy dde^'n cuo^'i the^' ky? 19 Pha'p mo*'i chie^'m VN, nhu*ng ngu*o*`i A^u Cha^u go^`m ca'c thu*o*ng gia va` gia'o si~ dda.o Thie^n Chu'a, dda~ dde^'n Vie^.t Nam tu*` the^' ky? thu*' 16. Co' ddie^`u ho. dde^'n ro^`i ddi, ma~i dde^'n the^' ky? thu*' 17, ca'c gia'o si~ mo*'i o*? la.i ha(?n trong nu*o*'c ta dde^? truye^`n dda.o. Ngu*o*`i Bo^` Dda`o Nha dde^'n nu*o*'c ta buo^n ba'n tru*o*'c tie^n, mo*? tie^.m buo^n ba'n o*? Ho^.i An (Faifo), Qua?ng Nam. Na(m 1614, ddo*`i Chu'a Sa~i, Jean de la Croix, ngu*o*`i Bo^` Dda`o Nha, la^.p lo` ddu'c su'ng o*? Thua^.n Ho'a (nga`y nay la` Phu*o*`ng Ddu'c o? Hue^'). Na(m 1637 ddo*`i vua Le^ Tha^`n To^ng, Thanh Ddo^ Vu*o*ng Tri.nh Tra'ng cho ngu*o*`i Ho`a Lan mo*? tie^.m o*? Pho^' Hie^'n (ga^`n ti?nh ly. Hu*ng Ye^n nga`y nay). Na(m 1672 ddo*`i vua Le^ Hi To^ng, Chu'a Tri.nh cho phe'p ta`u Zant cu?a Anh buo^n ba'n o*? Pho^' Hie^'n. na(m 1680, Pha'p ba(`t dda^`u va`o Pho^' Hie^'n buo^n ba'n, thu*o*ng gia Nha^.t Ba?n, Trung Hoa, va` Tha'i Lan cu~ng va`o dda^y buo^n ba'n ta^'p na^.p bie^'n Pho^' Hie^'n tha`nh mo^.t trung ta^m thu*o*ng ma.i pho^`n thi.nh vo*'i ga^`n 2000 no'c gia, do ddo' co' ca^u "thu*' nha^'t Kinh Ky`, thu*' nhi` Pho^' Hie^'n" (Kinh Ky` chi? tha`nh pho^' Ha` No^.i). CA'C GIA'O SI~ DDA^`U TIE^N SANG VIE^.T NAM TRUYE^`N DDA.O Trong tho*`i Tri.nh Nguye^~n pha^n tranh phu*o*ng tie^.n giao tho^ng ba(`ng ha`ng ha?i dda~ pha't trie^?n, ca'c gia'o si~ ngu*o*`i A^u Cha^u theo cha^n ca'c thu*o*ng gia sang nu*o*'c ta truye^`n dda.o Thie^n Chu'a. Na(m 1553, gia'o si~ I Ne^ Khu dde^'n gia?ng dda.o o*? ca'c la`ng Ninh Cu*o*`ng va` Qua^`n Anh huye^.n Nam Cha^n nay la` Nam Tru*.c, Nam Ddi.nh; la`ng Tra` Lu~, huye^.n Giao Thu?y nay la` Xua^n Tru*o*`ng, nam Ddi.nh (Kha^m Ddi.nh Vie^.t Su*? Tho^ng Gia'm Cu*o*ng Mu.c quye^?n 33, to*` 6b). Na(m 1596 gia'o si~ Diego Adverte, ngu*o*`i Ta^y Ban Nha, dde^'n truye^`n dda.o o*? Trung Ky` (Tru*o*ng Vi~nh Ky', Cours d'histoire Annamite). Na(m 1615 co^' Francesco Busomi la^.p ra Gia'o Ddoa`n Dda`ng Trong (Mission 1627 co^' Alexandre de Rhodes la^.p Gia'o Ddoa`n Dda`ng Ngoa`i (Mission du Tonkin). ALEXANDRE DE RHODES (1591 - 1660) Ngu*o*`i Pha'p, que^ o*? Avignon, thuo^.c Do`ng Te^n (Ordre des Jesuites), mo^.t nha` ba'c ho.c co' thie^n khie^'u ve^` khoa ngo^n ngu*~, co^' Alexandre de Rhodes ddu*o*.ng sung va`o Gia'o Ddoa`n Dda`ng Trong tha'ng 12/1624. Gia'o si~ Francisco de Pina, ngu*o*`i Bo^` Dda`o Nha, da.y o^ng tie^'ng Vie^.t. Trong vo`ng bo^'n tha'ng o^ng tho^ng hie^?u tie^'ng Vie^.t va` qua sa'u tha'ng, gia?ng dda.o ma.ch la.c ba(`ng tie^'ng Vie^.t, nho*` va^.y o^ng ddu*o*.c cu*? ra Dda`ng Ngoa`i giu'p co^' Julien Baldinotti (chu*a no'i ddu*o*.c tie^'ng Vie^.t) la^.p Gia'o Ddoa`n mo*'i, Alexandre de Rhodes ra Ba(`c Ky` nga`y 19-5-1625 va` ta.o ddu*o*.c nhie^`u gia'o ddo^` ne^n sau ddo' bi. Chu'a Thanh Ddo^ Vu*o*ng Tri.nh Tra'ng (1623 - 1657) tru.c xua^'t va`o na(m 1630. Tuy sang A'o Mo^n (Ma Cao), nhu*ng co' di.p la` o^ng ti`m ca'ch tro*? la.i Vie^.t Nam va` ma~i dde^'n na(m 1645 o^ng mo*'i ve^` o*? ha(?n A^u Cha^u. Trong ba?y na(m truye^`n dda.o o*? Vie^.t Nam, co^' Alexandre de Rhodes dda~ nghie^n cu*'u ky~ lu*o*~ng va` hie^?u ro~ li.ch su*?, phong tu.c, ta^.p qua'n cu?a Vie^.t Nam. Ta'c pha^?m cu?a Alexandre de Rhodes go^`m co': Li.ch Su*? Xu*' Ba(`c Ky` (ba(`ng tie^'ng La Tinh, ba?n di.ch ba(`ng Pha'p va(n), Tu*. Ddie^?n An Nam - Bo^` Dda`o Nha - La Tinh (Dictionarium Annamiticum, Lusitanum et Latinum), Phe'p Gia'ng Ta'm Nga`y ba(`ng Quo^'c Ngu*~ - La Tinh ddo^'i chie^'u (Catechismus). DICTIONARIUM ANNAMITICUM LUSITANUM ET LATINUM Tu*. Ddie^?n An Nam - Bo^` Dda`o Nha - La Tinh cu`ng vo*'i quye^?n Phe'p Gia?ng Ta'm nga`y la` hai quye^?n sa'ch chu*~ Quo^'c Ngu*~ dda^`u tie^n in o*? La Ma~ na(m 1651 do Ho^.i Truye^`n Gia'o La Ma~ (do Gia'o Hoa`ng Urbain 13 tha`nh la^.p na(m 1627). Rie^ng quye^?n tu*. ddie^?n ta co' the^? coi nhu* gia^'y khai sinh chi'nh thu*'c cu?a chu*~ Quo^'c Ngu*~. Alexandre de Rhodes dda~ a^'n ddi.nh hi`nh da.ng va` lie^.t ke^ ve^` chu*~ ca'i, a^m thanh, tu*. loa.i, nguye^n ta(`c cu' pha'p. O^ng dda~ xu*? du.ng nhu*~ng kie^'n thu*'c ve^` tie^'ng Vie^.t thu nha^.n ddu*o*`ng tu*` o^ng tha`y mi`nh la` gia'o si~ Francisco de Pina va` du`ng hai quye^?n tu*. ddie^?n cu?a hai gia'o si~ kha' la`m ta`i lie^.u tham kha?o ca(n ba?n trong vie^.t soa.n tha?o. Ddo' la` tu*. ddie^?n An Nam - Bo^` Dda`o Nha cu?a gia'o si~ Gaspar de Amaral va` tu*. ddie^?n Bo^` Dda`o Nha - An Nam cu?a gia'o si~ Antanio de Barbosa, ca? hai quye^?n na`y dde^`u che'p tay, chu*a ddu*o*.c in tha`nh sa'ch. BA' DDA LO^.C (1741 - 1799) VA` CHU*~ QUO^'C NGU*~ Ba' Dda Lo^.c (Pierre Joseph George Pigneau de Behaine), ngu*o*`i Pha'p, que^ o*? Origny en Thierache, sau khi to^'t nghie^.p tru*o*`ng Tha`y Do`ng cu?a Ho^.i Truye^`n Gia'o Ngoa.i Quo^'c (Societe des Mission etrangeres, ddu*o*.c tha`nh la^.p o*? Paris va`o na(m 1663) ddu*o*.c xung va`o Gia'o Ddoa`ng Dda`ng Trong. Na(m 1767 ddu*o*.c cu*? la`m Qua?n Ddo^'c Tru*o*`ng Tha`nh Do`ng o*? Ho`n Dda^'t, Ha` Tie^n. Na(m 1770 thu. phong chu*'c Gia'm Mu.c (Eveque d'Adran). Na(m 1771, gia'm mu.c Piguel ma^'t, Ba' Dda Lo^.c ddu*o*.c cu*? thay the^' vi. na`y trong chu*'c vu. coi so'c Gia'o Ddoa`n Dda`ng Trong. Tha'ng 10-1777, o^ng ga(.p Nguye^~n Phu'c A'nh tre^n ddu*o*`ng tro^'n cha.y su*. lu`ng ba(`t cu?a qua^n Ta^y So*n. Nguye^n la` va`o na(m 1777, Nguye^~n Hue^. va` Nguye^~n Lu*~ ddem qua^n thu?y bo^. va`o dda'nh la^'y tha`nh Gia Ddi.nh, dduo^?i ba(`t ddu*o*.c ca? Tha'i Thu*o*.ng Vu*o*ng va` Ta^n Chi'nh Vu*o*ng ddem gie^'t ddi, the^' la` nghie^.p chu'a o*? o*? Dda`ng Trong bi. nha` Ta^y So*n du*'t tu*` dda^y. Nguye^~n Phu'c A'nh la` cha'u Tha'i Thu*o*.ng Vu*o*ng l'c ddo' mo*'i 17 tuo^?i, cha.y thoa't ddu*o*.c. Tre^n ddu*o*`ng bo^n dda`o tha'ng 10-1777 Nguye^~n Phu'c A'nh ga(.p gia'm mu.c Ba' Dda Lo^.c va` ddu*o*.c giu'p ddo*~ ddu*a ddi ta.m la'nh na.n o*? cu` lao Loulo Panjang, mo^.t dda?o nho? na(`m trong vi.nh Tha'i Lan. I't la^u sau, Nguye^~n Phu'c A'nh tro*? ve^` Long Xuye^n chie^u mo^. binh ma~ lo vie^.c kho^i phu.c, ro^`i kho*?i binh tie^'n chie^'m Sa Dde'c, la^'y la.i ddu*o*.c dda^'t Gia Ddi.nh va`o tha'ng 11-1777. Ba' Dda Lo^.c dde^'n cu* ngu. ta.i Ta^n Trie^`u (ga^`n Bie^n Ho`a) va` thu*o*`ng ddi la.i giao thie^.p vo*'i Nguye^~n Vu*o*ng. Na(m 1782, Nguye^~n Hue^. va` Nguye^~n Nha.c ddem ho*n 100 chie^'n thuye^`n va`o cu*?a Ca^`n Gio*` dda'n tan qua^n Nguye^~n Vu*o*ng o*? Tha^'t Ky` (nay la` Nga~ Ba?y), Nguye^~n Phu'c A'nh pha?i bo? tha`nh Sa`i Go`n cha.y ve^` Ba Gio^`ng ro^`i ra dda?o Phu' Quo^'c ta.m la'nh. Qua^n Ta^y So*n ru't ve^` Qui Nho*n dde^? ha`ng tu*o*'ng Ddo^~ Nha`n Tra^.p o*? la.i giu*~ tha`nh Gia Ddi.nh. Nghe tin, Cha^u Va(n Tie^'p ddem qua^n tu*` Phu' Ye^n ho*.p vo*'i ca'c dda.o qua^n kha'c dda'nh dduo^?i Ddo^~ Nha`n Tra^.p ro^`i cho ngu*o*`i ra Phu' Quo^'c ddo'n Nguye^~n Vu*o*ng. Na(m sau Nguye^~n Hue^. va` Nguye^~n Lu*~ la.i ddem qua^n va`o dda'nh, tha'ng 3-1783 Nguye^~n Phu'c A'nh pha?i ddem ca? me. va` cung quye^'n cha.y ra Phu' Quo^'c. Nguye^~n Hue^. ddem qua^n dduo^?i theo ra ta^.n Phu' Quo^'c, Nguye^~n Vu*o*ng bo^n ta^?u ve^` dda?o Co^n No^n, qua^n Ta^y So*n la.i dde^'n va^y dda?o Co^n No^n. May sao lu'c ddo' co' mo^.t tra^.n ba~o tho^?i dde^'n dda'nh dda(`m nhie^`u chie^'n thuye^`n Ta^y So*n ne^n Nguye^~n Vu*o*ng thoa't kho?i vo`ng va^y cha.y sang dda?o Co^? Co^'t, ro^`i ve^` la.i dda?o Phu' Quo^'c a^?n na'u. Lu'c ba^'y gio*` Nguye^~n Phu'c A'nh the^' cu`ng lu*.c kie^.t, binh si~ pha?i ha'i rau, dda`o cu? chuo^'i ma` a(n. Cuo^'i na(m 1784, Nguye^~n Vu*o*ng ga(.p la.i Ba' Dda Lo^.c o*? cu` lao Poulo Panjang, sau khi ba`n ti'nh, nho*` o^ng ddem Hoa`ng Tu*? Ca?nh cu`ng quo^'c a^'n, la' thu* rie^ng gu*?i vua Louis 16, va` mo^.t la' quo^'c thu* sang Pha'p ca^`u vie^.n. Ba' Dda Lo^.c thay ma(.t Nguye^~n Vu*o*ng ky' vo*'i Pha'p hie^.p u*o*'c Versailles nga`y 28-10-1787 nhu*ng sau vi` nhie^`u ly' do hie^.p u*o*'c dda~ kho^ng ddu*o*.c thi ha`nh. Ba' Dda Lo^.c tu*. xua^'t tie^`n mo^. li'nh, mua khi' gio*'i, ta`u chie^'n ro^`i tro*? ve^` Gia Ddi.nh va`o na(m 1789 giu'p Nguye^~n Vu*o*ng dda'nh Ta^y So*n. Tu*` dda^'y Ba' Dda Lo^.c ba`y mu*u ke^', giu*~ va(n thu* va` thu*o*`ng theo Nguye^~n Vu*o*ng ddi dda'nh tra^.n. Na(m 1799 o^ng theo Nguye^~n Vu*o*ng ra dda'nh tha`nh Qui Nho*n, nhu*ng trong lu'c ddang va^y tha`nh o^ng bi. ba.o be^.nh ma^'t, tho. 58 tuo^?i. Nho*` su*. giao thie^.p ma^.t thie^'t giu*~ gia'm mu.c Ba' Dda Lo^.c va` Nguye^~n Phu'c A'nh ma` vie^.c truye^`n dda.o cu?a Gia'o Ddoa`n Dda`ng Trong ddu*o*.c de^~ da`ng, ne^'u kho^ng muo^'n no'i la` ddu*o*.c bie^.t dda~i, nha^'t la` trong tho*`i ky` Nguye^~n Vu*o*ng co`n o*? Gia Ddi.nh. Ca'c thu*`a sai dda~ bie^'t lo*.i du.ng hoa`n ca?nh thua^.n tie^.n na`y dde^? cu?ng co^' va` pha't trie^?n dda.o Thie^n Chu'a o*? Dda`ng Trong, chu?ng vie^.n ddu*o*.c du*.ng le^n o*? Ca` Mau va` Ha` Tie^n. Gia'o Ddoa`n Dda`ng Trong ddu*o*.c khue^'ch tru*o*ng ma.nh me~ nho*` so^' ti'n ddo^` mo^~i nga`y mo^.t ddo^ng so^' ngu*o*`i bie^'t ddo.c vie^'t chu*~ Quo^'c Ngu*~ ca`ng nhie^`u, ta^'t nhie^n chu*~ Quo^'c Ngu*~ nho*` ddo' ddu*o*.c di.p xu*? du.ng va` pha't trie^?n. Ba' Dda Lo^.c cu~ng la` ngu*o*`i dda^`u tie^n nhua^.n la.i quye^?n tu*. ddie^?n cu?a Alexandre de Rhodes, su*?a nhu*~ng chu*~ phie^n a^m sai va` the^m nhie^`u chu*~ mo*'i. Tuy nhie^n tra^.n ho?a hoa.n ta.i chu?ng vie^.n Ca` Mau na(m 1778 dda~ thie^u hu?y mo^.t pha^`n lo*'n co^ng tri`nh na`y. (Xem ba`i Tu*.a cu?a Thereul trong quye^?n tu*. ddie^?n cu?a Tabert in ta.i Ninh Phu' na(m 1877). TABERT VA` NAM VIE^.T DU*O*NG HIE^.P TU*. VU*.NG (DICTIONARIUM ANNAMITICO - LATICO) Sau khi Ba' Dda Lo^.c ma^'t, Labartetti (1789 - 1823) ro^`i co^' Tabert la`m gia'm mu.c Gia'o Ddoa`n Dda`ng Trong. Taberd xa^y du*.ng la.i quye^?n tu*. ddie^?n cu?a Alexandre de Rhodes dda~ bi. ho?a tai, ro^`i dde^'n na(m 1838 cho a^'n ha`nh hai quye^?n tu*. ddie^?n An Nam - La Tinh va` La Tinh - An Nam. Sa'ch ddu*o*.c in o*? tha`nh pho^' Serampur (Bengale, A^'n Ddo^.). Trong ddo' mo^~i chu*~ Vie^.t dde^`u co' chu*'a the^m chu*~ No^m. Cuo^'n tu*. ddie^?n na`y cu?a Tabert hoa`n ha?o ho*n cu?a Alexandre de Rhodes va` ddu*o*.c su*? du.ng la`m go^'c cho ca'c quye^?n tu*. ddie^?n sau na`y. Ve^` sau hai quye^?n tu*. ddie^?n cu?a Taberd la.i ddu*o*.c hai gia'o si~ Therul va` Leserteur sau khi the^m ddu*o*.c mo^.t so^' chu*~ ddu*o*.c du`ng o*? Ba(`c Ky` dda~ cho ta'i ba?n la^`n thu*' nha^'t o*? trong nu*o*'c (in ta.i Ninh Phu' na(m 1877). DDU'NG HAY SAI DANH TU*` "CHU*~ QUO^'C NGU*~" Cho dde^'n ba^y gio*` chu'ng ta chu*a ti`m bie^'t ddu*o*.c ai la` ta'c gia?i dda~ dda(.t te^n cho thu*' chu*~ ghi a^m theo ma^~u tu*. La Tinh la` "Chu*~ Quo^'c Ngu*~". Tuy nhie^n trong la' thu* cu?a gia'm mu.c Puginier nga`y y4-5-1887 vie^'t cho To^?ng Tu*o*?ng Thuo^.c Ddi.a dda~ go.i la` "Chu*~ Quo^'c Ngu*~" va` ca'c nghi. ddi.nh cu?a Pha'p trong tho*`i ky` dda^`u cu~ng go.i la` "Chu*~ Quo^'c Ngu*~". Thu*.c ra dda^y la` mo^.t tru*o*`ng ho*.p su*? du.ng tu*` sai la^`m. Quo^'c: Nu*o*'c, Ngu*~: Tie^'ng, Quo^'c Ngu*~ la` tie^'ng no'i cu?a mo^.t nu*o*'c. Nhu* the^' khi ta du`ng danh tu*` "Chu*~ Quo^'c Ngu*~" dde^? chi? chu*~ vie^'t cu?a nu*o*'c ta la` sai hoa`n toa`n bo*?i dda~ la^`m lo^.n giu*~ chu*~ vie^'t (va(n tu*.) va` tie^'ng no'i (ngo^n ngu*~). Du*o*ng Qua?ng ha`m dda~ ne^n va^'n dde^`, nhu*ng theo o^ng, "tu*` ngu*~ na`y mo.i ngu*o*`i dda~ quen du`ng ro^`i kho^ng the^? ddo^?i ddu*o*.c nu*~" (Vie^.t Nam Va(n Ho.c Su*? Ye^'u, trang 191). VA^'N DDE^` CHU*~ QUO^'C NGU*~ BI. THU*.C DA^N PHA'P LO*.I DU.NG Theo Pha.m The^' Ngu~ "ngu*o*`i Pha'p dde^'n Nam Ky` tru*o*'c, dde^'n dde^? du*.ng cuo^.c ddo^ ho^. nhu*ng cu~ng dde^? ba?o ve^. gia'o da^n, dde^? ddu*a dda.o Gia To^ le^n mo^.t ddi.a vi. chi'nh thu*'c va` cu~ng dde^'n dde^? ddu*a thu*' Vie^.t tu*. La Tinh, sa'ng che^' rie^ng cu?a ma^'y o^ng gia'o si~ ngu*o*`i A^u le^n ddi.a vi. va(n tu*. quo^'c gia VN sau na`y. Chu? ta^m cu?a ngu*o*`i Pha'p ngay sau khi mo*'i bu*o*'c cha^n va`o xu*' na`y la` ca(`t ddu*'t nhu*~ng lie^n la.c va(n ho'a giu*~a ngu*o*`i Vie^.t vo*'i ngu*o*`i Ta`u, vo*'i qua' khu*' Vie^.t Nam na(.ng ne^` Ha'n Ho.c. Ddo^'i vo*'i ho., chu*~ Ha'n chu*~ No^m cu~ng va^.y ma` tho^i, la` chu*~ Ta`u he^'t. Ho. tha^'y mu^'n lo^i ke'o tinh tha^`n da^n chu'ng ve^` vo*'i ngu*o*`i Ta^y, ca^`n pha?i trie^.t bo? thu*' va(n tu*. "ky` kho^i" a^'y va` da.y cho da^n chu'ng chu*~ Pha'p, hoa(.c ne^'u ca^`n mo^.t va(n tu*. cho tie^'ng no'i ba?n xu*' thi` chu*~ Quo^'c Ngu*~ dda~ sa(~n sa`ng ddo' va` cu`ng mo^.t ho. ma^~u tu*. La Tinh. Trong chu? tru*o*ng a^'y, vie^.c dda^`u tie^n cu?a ho. la` du*.ng nhu*~ng co* so*? va(n ho'a dde^? truye^`n ba' chu*~ Pha'p va` chu*~ Vie^.t La Tinh. Ngay na(m 1861 ddo^ ddo^'c Charner dda~ ky' nghi. ddi.nh nga`y 8-5-1861 la^.p tru*o*`ng College d'Adran dde^? dda`o luye^.n ngu*o*`i Vie^.t Nam la`m tho^ng ngo^n va` ca? ngu*o*`i Pha'p muo^'n ho.c tie^'ng Vie^.t. Na(m 1865 chi'nh phu? Sa`i Go`n la.i cho ra ddo*`i to*` co^ng ba'o Vie^.t Nam dda^`u tie^n vie^'t ba(`ng tie^'ng Vie^.t Quo^'c Ngu*~ la` to*` Gia Ddi.nh Ba'o. Va(n quo^'c ngu*~ tu*` dda^y chi'nh thu*'c ra ddo*`i. Chu*~ quo^'c ngu*~ ddu*o*.c tuye^n truye^`n va` ca tu.ng" (Vie^.t Nam Va(n Ho.c Su*? Gia?n U*o*'c Ta^n Bie^n, quye^?n 3, trang 66-67). Nguye^~n Va(n Trung ddo^`ng quan ddie^?m vo*'i Pha.m The^' Ngu~, cho ra(`ng Chu*~ Quo^'c Ngu*~ ba(`t dda^`u bi. chi'nh tri. lo*.i du.ng sau khi thu*.c da^n Pha'p chie^'m Nam Bo^. va` thie^'t la^.p guo^`ng ma'y cai tri.. "Tru*o*'c khi ngu*o*`i Pha'p xa^m chie^'m nu*o*'c ta, ca'c nha` truye^`n gia'o thuo^.c nhie^`u quo^'c ti.ch A^u Cha^u dda~ theo ddu*o*`ng lo^'i to^n tro.ng thi'ch nghi va(n ho'a, phong tu.c nhu*~ng nu*o*'c bi. truye^`n gia'o (nha^'t la` ca'c nha` truye^`n gia'o thuo^.c Do`ng Te^n). Chi'nh trong tinh tha^`n ddo' ma` ho. ti`m ca'ch sa'ng che^' ra chu*~ Quo^'c Ngu*~. Dde^'n tho*`i ky` Pha'p xa^m lu*o*.c, ca'c nha` truye^`n gia'o thuo^.c Do`ng Te^n pha?i nhu*o*`ng cho^? cho Ho^.i Thu*`a Sai Paris, va` nhu*~ng ngu*o*`i nga`i dde^`u la` ngu*o*`i Pha'p theo mo^.t ddu*o*`ng lo^'i truye^`n gia'o cu*'ng ra(`n chu? tru*o*ng xo'a bo?, tie^u die^.t ta^'t ca? nhu*~ng gi` la` phong tu.c, va(n ho'a, tu* tu*o*?ng cu?a ca'c nu*o*'c bi. truye^`n gia'o kho^ng ho*.p vo*'i gia'o ly' Thie^n Chu'a. Ho*n nu*~a ho. co`n ddo^`ng ho'a quye^`n lo*.i nu*o*'c Pha'p vo*'i quye^`n lo*.i cu?a dda.o, vu*`a phu.c vu. quye^`n lo*.i to^? quo^'c vu*`a phu.c vu. quye^`n lo*.i cu?a dda.o ne^n ho. dda~ tic'h cu*.c go'p pha^`n va`o vie^.c thie^'t la^.p che^' ddo^. thu*.c da^n (xa^m chie^'m, chinh phu.c) va` va`o vie^.c duy tri` cu?ng co^' che^' ddo^. ddo'. Nhu*~ng Linh Mu.c, Gia'm Mu.c, thu*`a sai ddua nhau vie^'t nhu*~ng ba'o ca'o, du*. a'n, ke^' hoa.ch chinh phu.c, bi`nh ddi.nh go*?i ve^` Pha'p. Theo Toa`n Quye^`n Ddo^ng Du*o*ng Lanessan, chi'nh nhu*~ng thu*`a sai dda~ dde^` ra nhu*~ng ddu*o*`ng lo^'i ve^` chi'nh tri., va(n ho'a ma` ca'c quan cai tri. Pha'p dda~ tua^n theo va` a'p dud.ng. Ve^` mu.c ddi'ch vie^.c su*? du.ng chu*~ quo^'c ngu*~ va`o mu.c tie^u chi'nh tri. co' lo*.i cho thu*.c da^n la` do ca'c thu*`a sai khuye^'n ca'o khi ba`n ve^` vai tro` cu?a ca'c ho^.i truye^`n gia'o trong che^' ddo^. ba?o ho^. (Les missions et le Protectorat) ... Du.ng y' tha^m hie^?m du`ng chu*~ quo^'c ngu*~ nhu* mo^.t khi' gio*'i tuye^n truye^`n nhu*~ng chi'nh sa'ch lu*`a bi.p, dda^`u ddo^.c va(n ho'a, chi'nh tri. va` sau cu`ng cu*.c ky` tha^m hie^?m mu*u ddo^` du`ng chu*~ quo^'c ngu*~ nhu* mo^.t phu*o*ng thu*'c la`m ma^'t go^'c nhu*~ng ngu*o*`i chi? bie^'t chu*~ quo^'c ngu*~ ba(`ng ca'ch co^ la^.p ho. vo*'i va(n ho'a da^n to^.c lu'c ddo' chu? ye^'u du*.a va`o Nho ho.c va` du`ng chu*~ Nho nhu* phu*o*ng tie^.n die^~n ta?" (Chu*~, Va(n Quo^'c Ngu*~ Tho*`i Ky` Dda^`u Pha'p Thuo^.c, trang 13-15). KE^'T LUA^.N VE^` CHU*~ QUO^'C NGU*~ Ddi ti`m ve^'t ti'ch chu*~ Quo^'c Ngu*~ tru*o*'c Alexandre de Rhodes, ca'c nha` kha?o cu*'u kho^ng ti`m ddu*o*.c nhu*~ng ta`i lie^.u cha(`c cha(`n. Ta`i lie^.u so*'m nha^'t trong giai ddoa.n "chu*~ quo^'c ngu*~ kho^ng da^'u" co' le~ la` bu*'c thu* cu?a gia'o si~ Buzomi, ngu*o*`i Y', vie^'t va`o khoa?ng na(m 1625-1626 cho tha^'y lu'c ddo' chu*~ quo^'c ngu*~ chu*a co' da^'u. Ba?n Ddie^`u Tra^`n Ve^` Xu*' Dda`ng Trong (in o*? La Ma~ na(m 1631) cu?a gia'o si~ Cristoforo Borri, ngu*o*`i Y', co' nhie^`u ca^u chu*~ Vie^.t La Tinh nhu*ng nhu*~ng chu*~ na`y cu~ng chu*a co' da^'u. Giai ddoa.n "Chu*~ Quo^'c Ngu*~ Co' Da^'u" co' le~ ba(`t dda^`u tu*` 1645 vo*'i ca'c ba`i va(n ve^` Tha'nh Le^~ dda~ ba(`t dda^`u xua^'t hie^.n ca'c da^'u ho?i, huye^`n, va` nga~. Nhu* va^.y chu*~ quo^'c ngu*~ la` co^ng tri`nh cu?a nhie^`u gia'o si~ ngu*o*`i A^u sang truye^`n dda.o o*? Vie^.t Nam ba(`t dda^`u tu*` giu*~a the^' ky? thu*' 16. Ca'c gia'o si~ Bo^` Dda`o Nha cha(`c cha(`n dda~ ddo'ng go'p ra^'t nhie^`u trong vie^.c che^' ta'c thu*' chu*~ Vie^.t ba(`ng ma^~u tu*. La Tinh na`y. Tuy nhie^n co^' Alexandre de Rhodes la` ngu*o*`i dda~ co' co^ng nha^'t vi` o^ng dda~ he^. tho^'ng ho'a ca'ch thu*'c ghi a^m, ddu*a ra nhu*~ng nguye^n ta(`c ca(n ba?n dda^`u tie^n ve^` va(n pha.m Vie^.t Nam, cu`ng a^'n ddi.nh hi`nh da.ng va` lie^.t ke^ ca'c chu*~ ca'i va` ca'c da^'u. Quye^?n tu*. ddie^?n va` sa'ch Phe'p Gia?ng Ta'm Nga`y cu?a o^ng la` hai ta`i lie^.u ba(`ng chu*~ Quo^'c Ngu*~ co' da^'u dda^`u tie^n ddu*o*.c a^'n ha`nh. Chu*~ quo^'c ngu*~ co' ddu? mo.i gio.ng trong tie^'ng Vie^.t la` nho*` khi sa'ng ta.o ca'c gia'o si~ ngu*o*`i A^u dda~ ca(n cu*' va`o gio.ng Ba(`c Ky` va` mie^`n Ba(`c Trung Ky`. Tie^'ng Nam Ky` va` Nam Trung Ky` co' nhie^`u cho^? sai, nhie^`u nha` ngu*~ ho.c nha^.n xe't la` ca`ng xuo^'ng mie^`n Nam su*. sai ca`ng gia ta(ng. Ly' do, theo Vu~ Ngo.c Phan, vi` ngu*o*`i mie^`n Nam Trung Ky` va` Nam Ky` pha't a^m tie^'ng Vie^.t Nam kho^ng ddu? gio.ng ba(`ng ngu*o*`i Ba(`c Trung Ky` va` Ba(`c Ky`. Do ddo' khi dda(.t ra chu*~ quo^'c ngu*~ chi? du`ng gio.ng Ba(`c K` va` gio.ng mie^`n Ba(`c Trung Ky` la` ddu?. Chu*~ Quo^'c Ngu*~ tuy ca(n cu*' va`o gio.ng mie^`n Ba(`c Vie^.t Nam nhu*ng ba(`t dda^`u ddu*o*.c tho^ng du.ng, ddu*o*.c ho.c ta^.p, ddu*o*.c in tha`nh sa'ch la.i la` co^ng cu?a ngu*o*`i mie^`n Nam. Ngu*o*`i trong Nam la` nhu*~ng ngu*o*`i Vie^.t Nam du`ng chu*~ quo^'c ngu*~ tru*o*'c nha^'t. Tuy thu*.c da^n Pha'p qua? co' lo*.i du.ng chu*~ Quo^'c Ngu*~ dde^? cu?ng co^' che^' ddo^. ba?o ho^. o*? Vie^.t Nam theo nha^.n xe't cu?a Pha.m The^' Ngu~ va` Nguye^~n Va(n Trung nhu* dda~ ne^u o*? pha^`n tre^n nhu*ng nho*` ca'c va(n gia, ho.c gia?, ca'c nha` a'i quo^'c... chu*~ quo^'c ngu*~ ru't cu.c la.i tro*? tha`nh lo*.i khi' kho*i da^.y tinh tha^'n quo^'c gia, da^n to^.c cho^'ng la.i su*. ddo^ ho^. cu?a thu*.c da^n Pha'p: Na(m mo^.t nghi`n sa'u tra(m hai mu*o*i tu* khi va^ng me^.nh be^` tre^n o*? Ma Cao dda'p ta`u ddo^? bo^. le^n Dda`ng Trong truye^`n dda.o vi. gia'o si~ do`ng Te^n ngu*o*`i Vatican go^'c Do Tha'i Alexandre de Rhodes co' ngo*` dda^u ra(`ng mi`nh dda(`c lo^., ke^'t vo`ng na(m tra(m na(m mu*o*i na(m ddi.nh me^.nh Ho^` Qui' Ly, Nguye^~n Hue^. vo*'i Tu*. Lu*.c Va(n DDoa`n. Si~ tu*? trie^`u Dda.i Ngu ba^'t bi`nh vi` ta^n le^.nh. Tha'i Thu*o*.ng Hoa`ng nhi`n ra minh dda.o, quye^'t ddi.nh la^'y chu*~ No^m mo*? rie^ng ddu*o*`ng tra(m Vie^.t. Bo^'n tra(m na(m sau, ha^.u due^. ga`i la.i mo^.t phen ra tay thu*`a ha`nh dda.i su*.. Hai ngu*o*`i dde.p qua'. Nhu*ng pha?i cho*` the^m mo^.t tra(m na(m mu*o*i na(m nu*~a, nhu*~ng ca^y bu't Phong Ho'a, Nga`y Nay, vo*'i kinh nghie^.m cu?a nhu*~ng ngu*o*`i ddi tru*o*'c, mo*'i du`ng ma^~u tu*. Hy La ta^.p dda.i tha`nh ddu*o*.c gia^'c mo^.ng quo^'c ngu*~ cu?a tie^`n nha^n (Tho* Nguye^~n Ddu*'c Lie^m) TA`I LIE^.U THAM KHA?O - Charles B. Maybon, Histoire Moderne du Pays d'Annam (1592 - 1829), Paris, Librairie Plon. - Du*o*ng Qua?ng Ha`m, Vie^.t Nam Va(n Ho.c Su*? Ye^'u, Ha` No^.i, 1941; Bo^. Gia'o Du.c ta'i ba?n, Sa`i Go`n, 1968. - Nguye^~n Ddu*'c Lie^m, Cu?a Nhu*~ng Vuo^ng Tro`n, Tho*, Hoa Ky`, 1992. - Nghie^m Toa?n, Vie^.t Nam Va(n Ho.c Su*? Tri'ch Ye^'u, Ha` No^.i, 1949. - Nguye^~n Va(n Trung, Chu*~ Va(n Quo^'c Ngu*~ Tho*`i Ky` Dda^`u Pha'p Thuo^.c, Nam So*n, Sa`i Go`n 1975. - Pha.m Quy`nh, Kha?o Ve^` Chu*~ Quo^'c Ngu*~, Nam Phong Ta.p Chi' so^' 122. - Pha.m The^' Ngu~, Vie^.t Nam Su*? Lu*o*.c, Vi~nh va` Tha`nh, Ha` No^.i, 1928; Bo^. Gia'o Du.c ta'i ba?n, Sa`i Go`n 1971. - Vu~ Ngo.c Phan, Nha` Va(n Hie^.n Dda.i, Ta^n Da^n, Ha` No^.i, 1942; Tha(ng Long ta'i ba?n, Sa`i Go`n 1960. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------